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August 2013 Rabaa massacre
On 14 August 2013 Egyptian security forces raided two camps of protesters in Cairo: one at al-Nahda Square and a larger one at Rabaa al-Adawiya Square. The two sites had been occupied by supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi, who was removed from office by the military after mass street protests against him. The camps were raided after initiatives to end the six week sit-ins failed and as a result of the raids the camps were cleared out within hours. The raids were described by Human Rights Watch as "one of the world’s largest killings of demonstrators in a single day in recent history”. According to Human Rights Watch, a minimum of 817 people and more likely at least 1,000 were killed in Rabaa Square on August 14. According to the Egyptian Health Ministry, 638 people were killed on 14 August, of which 595 were civilians and 43 police officers, with at least 3,994 injured.〔 The Muslim Brotherhood and National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy (NCSL) claimed the number of deaths from the Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque sit-in alone was about 2,600. Violent retaliation followed in several cities across the country. The interim government declared a month-long state of emergency in response and curfews were instituted in many areas. The total casualty count made 14 August the deadliest day since the 2011 Egyptian revolution which toppled Morsi's predecessor Hosni Mubarak. The clashes were widely denounced by several world leaders.
==Background==
Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution and subsequent instability, hundreds of thousands of Egyptians took to the streets calling for the resignation of Egypt's president which culminated in the ouster of President Mohamed Morsi. For weeks, supporters of the deposed president occupied two squares — Rabaa al-Adawiya in Nasr city, Cairo and al-Nahda in Giza — to protest his ouster, vowing to remain until Morsi was reinstated. Authorities delayed clearing the two protest camps as internal and external reconciliation process was established to resolve the crisis peacefully.
According to the military, the sit-ins were flash points for outbreaks of violence and bloody confrontations amongst pro-Morsi, anti-Morsi demonstrators and security forces.〔 The encampments became a potent symbol of Egypt's impasse as they grew more permanent with stores, barbers and their own television station.〔 Authorities saw the camps as destabilising and disruptive and representing "a threat to the Egyptian national security and an unacceptable terrorizing of citizens,"〔〔 accusing the pro-Morsi side of provoking bloodshed to win sympathy〔 and considered the standoff as hindering their view of putting Egypt on a "roadmap" to restoring civilian democracy, with a new constitution and new elections.〔 The government threatened a raid on the protest camps on multiple occasions.〔 Allegedly, an ultimatum was issued prior to 14 August, although Al-Azhar, Egypt's official Islamic authority, denied that such a warning had been given.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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